CANNABIDIOL CBD: Overview, Uses, Side Effects, Precautions, Interactions, Dosing and Reviews

Hemp plant extracts could offer excellent benefits as dietary supplements, but we don’t recommend using them to replace conventional medications. As with most conditions allegedly treated with CBD, more research is needed before we can confirm the scope (and limitation) of CBD’s benefits. As mentioned https://ecosoberhouse.com/ earlier, many people consume CBD oil to help calm them down or address sleep disorders. Although its effectiveness in those areas is uncertain, drowsiness is one of CBD’s few reported side effects. CO2 extraction is expensive, but it’s the only method that doesn’t leave behind solvents.

Marijuana / CBD

Gummies sold in stores often contain small doses of CBD, which are carefully measured, meaning it may be less likely for someone to overdose on CBD. However, because the CBD in gummies is discreet, it may be easier to contaminate them with other toxic chemicals. Now that the federal ban on hemp and its cannabinoids has been lifted, we should see a significant amount of research into CBD in the next few years. And it should also be noted that there is no guarantee that you’ll pass a drug test if you consume a full-spectrum CBD product, as there may still be detectable traces of THC. Technically, industrial hemp is legal to grow in the United States thanks to the 2018 Farm Bill, which took industrial hemp and its derivatives off the controlled substances list. It removed hemp, and any cannabinoids derived from the plant, from the Controlled Substances Act.

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We included double-blind, randomized controlled clinical trials that reported data on adverse effects from controlled trials using repeated oral administration in humans with formulations containing purified CBD (≥98% CBD). Open-label studies that did not include a placebo or drug comparison or lasted less than seven days were excluded. There were no restrictions concerning participant characteristics or disease indication. The data from the present systematic review agree with previous data on the safety of purified CBD.

DRUGS AND MEDICATIONS CENTER

However, only a small number of patients were measured in this study. A study investigating the long-term safety of CBD in patients with psychotic disorders showed side effects in 35% of patients, which included diarrhea, nausea, and headaches. CB1 receptors are primarily located in the brain and central nervous system. They are responsible for the effects of cannabinoids on the mental state.

More research is needed to truly understand the potential benefits of using CBD as a treatment for mental and physical health conditions. CBD may also interact with certain serotonin or opioid receptors and may stimulate a process that decreases cholesterol and blood sugar levels. These receptors regulate processes such as sleep, mood, and appetite as part of the endocannabinoid system (ECS). A prescription cannabidiol (CBD) oil is considered an effective anti-seizure medication.

2. Potential Therapeutic Effects of CBD

• Of the 13 studies included in the systematic review, 5 involved patients with epilepsy and 2 involved patients with schizophrenia.
• Similar to lung, breast, and prostate cancer, the suppression of cell proliferation and xenograft tumor growth, the induction of ROS and apoptosis, and the activation of CB and TRPV receptors have been observed as a result of treating CRC with CBD.
• They are responsible for the effects of cannabinoids on the mental state.
• One of the major benefits of CBD is that it can’t potentially trigger anxiety, unlike THC.
• These include antiepileptic drugs, antibiotics, heart medication and more.
• Interestingly, the group receiving 400 mg performed better than those who took the larger dose, showing how CBD dosing is a delicate balance.

Furthermore, a significant discrepancy is observed between the recorded dosages of oral CBD in RCTs and dosages in real-world settings. The average daily CBD dosage authorized at our clinic (11.5 mg) is closer to other observational studies (Gulbransen et al. 2020) compared to what is seen in RCTs (up to 1000 mg for is cannabidiol addictive a single dose) (Larsen and Shahinas 2020). The presence of THC and other cannabinoids in CBD-rich products may affect the outcomes in this study. The majority of RCTs investigated single-dose administration of CBD making it difficult to compare observed treatment outcomes with chronic dosing clinical settings.

Statistical analysis

An extensive 2017 review in Frontiers in Pharmacology examined several studies on CBD’s neuroprotective benefits. They cited multiple sources indicating that CBD may work as an antioxidant, which protects brain cells from damage. 42.5% of these individuals reported that they used CBD for “self-perceived” insomnia or to improve sleep quality. Referring back to the previous study, which focused on subjects with insomnia, the survey participants didn’t have a formal diagnosis. Instead, it was “self-perceived,” indicating they may not have had the condition.

In another study, oral CBD (200, 400 and 800 mg) does not alter the subjective, reinforcing and cardiovascular effects of smoked cannabis (1/2 of cigarette containing ~800 mg of cannabis; 5.3–5.8% THC) [93]. CBD (1 mg/kg) and THC (0.5 mg/kg) mixture (p.o.) did not prevent tachycardia (in contrast to anxiety and other marijuana-like effects) induced by THC given alone (0.5 mg/kg; p.o.) in humans [77]. In a clinical study with THC (5 and 15 mg), and low (5.4 mg THC, 5.0 mg CBD) and high (16.2 mg THC, 15.0 mg CBD) doses of Sativex® no significant CBD-induced modulation of tachycardia and other physiological effects evoked by THC was observed [111]. On the other hand, CBD at equimolar consternations diminished THC-induced increase of HR, and decrease of pulse pressure and coronary blood flow in isolated rat hearts [110]. Epidiolex®, containing 98% CBD, was approved by the FDA for the treatment of intractable epilepsy in patients with Dravet’s or Lennox-Gastaut syndromes, showing that a plant extract containing primarily CBD can provide the reproducibility needed for pharmacotherapies. There is active in vitro and preclinical research into the mechanisms of action of CBD in efforts to better understand its pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics and therapeutic potential.

• Moreover, CBD (10 µM) induced cell death by activating caspases 3 and 7, elevated the expression of pro-apoptotic genes (TP53, CDKN1A, BAD, BCL2, BAX, or BAK1) and the levels of ROS, and resulted in a loss of mitochondrial membrane potential in both cancers [32].
• Unlike other conditions and symptoms on our list, CBD is conclusively proven to help treat epilepsy.
• In another study, oral CBD (200, 400 and 800 mg) does not alter the subjective, reinforcing and cardiovascular effects of smoked cannabis (1/2 of cigarette containing ~800 mg of cannabis; 5.3–5.8% THC) [93].
• Thus far, studies have been conducted on two rat models of hypertension (Table 4)—in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR; model of primary hypertension) and deoxycorticosterone acetate-salt-induced hypertension (DOCA-salt; model of secondary hypertension) [48,52,96].
• Based on mostly cell culture-based studies and a few animal models, it is possible that complex and diverse molecular mechanisms are involved in the anticancer activity of CBD.
• Twelve RCTs [10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21] involving 745 randomized subjects analyzed were included.

• Additionally, there was an important loss to follow-up at the 6-month visit (FUP2) due to missed appointment and cost barriers, limiting the power of the findings.
• Several preclinical and clinical studies documented CBD’s acute anxiolytic effects [76-78], although more recently ElBatsh et al. demonstrated that 10 mg/kg intraperitoneal (IP) CBD over 14 days produced an anxiogenic effect in rats [79].
• Second, studies relying on self-reporting can be skewed by participant bias, the placebo effect or other mitigating factors.